Lebanon has elected the veteran politican and military commander Michel Aoun as its head of state in a move that was widely expected after behind-the-scenes horse trading.
Aoun, 81, secured 83 votes in the fourth round of the voting for the presidency. Celebratory gunfire broke out out in Beirut after the vote, which saw an astonishing turnaround for Aoun, who succeeded in building an unlikely coalition to support his return to power.
Aoun can also rely for support on Lebanon's Iranian-backed Hezbollah, with which he has been allied for a decade. But the game-changer for him was the endorsement of Sunni leader Saad al-Hariri, who waged political war for years against the Shi'ite Hezbollah movement and its allies with Saudi backing.
Hariri is to become prime minister under the new deal which he hatched with Aoun.
Aoun's election has ended a 29-month-long vacuum in the presidency, part of a political crisis that has paralysed Lebanon's government and raised concerns over its future as civil war rages in neighbouring Syria.The country's Church leaders have been severely critical of the deadlock, with both Vatican and Maronite Christian leaders expressing frustration with politicians' failure to agree. Lebanon's proximity to Syria and its hosting of more than 1 million refugees from the conflict there has led to fears for its stability.
While Aoun's election will be welcomed by many, doubts remain over his ability to forge the cross-community consensus needed to make his administration succeed. "I do not know to what degree he will be able to reconcile the great contradictions that his rule will group together," said Nabil Boumonsef, a political commentator at An-Nahar newspaper.
Aoun is a former general who fought two wars in the late 1980s at the end of Lebanon's 1975-90 civil war – one against Syria and the other against rival Christian forces.
His subsequent alliance with Hezbollah backed by its Syrian and Iranian patrons angered the United States, which views Hezbollah – a heavily armed group and Syria's strongest Lebanese ally – as a terrorist organisation.
His election will also be viewed as a victory for Hezbollah, Tehran and Damascus over Hariri's Sunni allies in Riyadh at a time when Saudi Arabia has appeared to retreat from Lebanon as it prioritises fighting Iran in the Gulf. It will also raise questions over Western policy towards Lebanon, whose army depends on US military aid.
Triggered by financial misfortune, Hariri's concession is seen as a last attempt to secure the political survival of a man who has accused Syria of killing his father, Rafik. Hariri's standing inLebanon has been hit by the financial crisis caused by troubles at his Saudi-based construction firm.
Unlikely spectrum
Aoun, who headed one of two rival governments in 1988-90, has long coveted the post.
His victory marks a new phase in Lebanese politics, and the final collapse of the Saudi-backed alliance that had struggled against Hezbollah and its allies since the 2005 assassination of Rafik al-Hariri.
Hariri and his allies initially accused Syria of killing Rafik. A UN-backed tribunal later charged five Hezbollah members over the killing. Hezbollah denies any role.
Aoun inspires both adulation and enmity in Lebanon, where he made his name as a combatant in the 1975-90 civil war, like many Lebanese politicians. With Aoun heading the biggest Christian party in parliament, it is the first time since the war that one of Lebanon's main Maronite leaders has become president.
The unlikely spectrum of support for his candidacy includes civil wartime enemies Samir Geagea, a rival Christian, and Druze leader Walid Jumblatt. But he still has powerful adversaries opposed to his election, foremost among them the influential Parliament Speaker and Shi'ite leader Nabih Berri.
Hezbollah's steadfast backing for Aoun has been critical. Last year Hariri proposed Franjieh, another Hezbollah ally, for the position. But rather than ditching Aoun, Hezbollah declared him "the obligatory path" to the presidency.
Aoun is a controversial figure abroad as well as in Lebanon, with a reputation for erratic decision-making.
After lobbying for years against Syria from exile, he returned to Lebanon in 2005 after Syrian forces withdrew from the country in the wake of the Hariri killing. Aoun received a hero's welcome from supporters in Beirut's Martyrs Square.
Less than a year later, he struck his alliance with Hezbollah, positioning himself squarely in the pro-Damascus camp that later mobilized to try to topple the US-backed government at the time.
Aoun's move to Hezbollah drew anger from the United States which believed he had given political cover for it to keep its weapons and "moved a long way" from his support for a UN resolution that sought the disarmament of all militias in Lebanon, according to a US diplomatic cable published by Wikileaks.
In the 2006 cable, then US ambassador Jeffrey Feltman concluded Aoun's presidential ambitions were "overriding any other concern". Aoun told the Americans the alliance was an attempt to draw Hezbollah into the political mainstream.
Two wars
In the final years of the Lebanese war, Aoun led one of two rival governments and set up his administration at the presidential palace at Baabda, southeast of Beirut.
In that period, he fought the "War of Liberation" against the Syrian army and the "War of Cancellation" against the Christian Lebanese Forces militia. The Maronites lost much of their political power in the deal that ended the war – an agreement Aoun had initially opposed.
Aoun visited Syria in 2009, where he met President Bashar al-Assad. In a 2014 interview, Assad said he would welcome Aoun's election as president, calling him a believer in "the resistance" – a reference to Hezbollah.
Hezbollah is fighting in Syria in support of Assad.
Aoun has defended Hezbollah's role in Syria, saying that it was defending Lebanon and Lebanese Christians from the threat of jihadist militancy. Hezbollah's Lebanese opponents say its role there increases the risks to the country.
Additional reporting by Reuters.
