Many pensioners in the Bulgarian village of Gorno Osenovo, who go to bed with the sunset and wake up at sunrise, have never heard of carbon dioxide. They don't get electricity either.
But a new plan by Brussels to make European Union energy companies pay for the carbon dioxide they emit from 2013 threatens to lift energy costs to the point where building grids to remote places like Gorno Osenovo would be impossible.
Perched on the hillsides of the Rila mountain in south-western Bulgaria, Gorno Osenovo is among a small number of villages in the Balkan country that have never been electrified.
Official data denies the existence of such places but the villagers say their battery-powered radio players have been reporting about more hikes in food and fuel prices.
"How can I afford to pay electricity and water bills with my pension of 100 levs ($80)?" said 83-year-old Ilinka Yaneva, fussing around her 19th-century stove.
Governments in eastern Europe, also worried about a backlash and already crippling fuel inflation, have joined forces to oppose the Brussels plan and protect voters incomes are still well below those in the West.
Energy prices in Bulgaria, the poorest EU nation and other former communist countries in eastern Europe were subsidized and kept artificially low for decades.
The majority of people in eastern Europe get their power mainly from coal - which has the highest emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) among fossil fuels, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Poland, which depends on coal for more than 90 percent of power generation, will be among the hardest hit when the EU ends free handouts of carbon permits to energy firms.
The EU emissions trading scheme - the bloc's main tool to combat climate change - has been widely criticized by politicians, companies and analysts for handing out too many carbon permits, which some companies have sold on, pocketing billions of euros in windfall profits.
The government in Warsaw says introducing an auction system would lift power prices by 70 percent as utilities pass costs to consumers, hurting economic growth. Bulgaria, which gets nearly half its power from coal, expects a 30 percent rise in bills at least.
"This is a recipe for a recession in Poland," said Marta Petka, an economist at Raiffeisen bank in Warsaw. "If the rise in prices would occur over a year, year and a half, there would be no economy that could withstand such a shock."
Coal prices more than doubled last year due to production and logistical bottlenecks at a time of surging global demand.
JOBS FEARS
Poland is also concerned about possible closures at its huge mining industry, which employs some 140,000 people.
Together with Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic and the Baltics, it supports the idea of moving to an auction for the permits but argues it should be introduced gradually, to give time to reduce coal-dependence and catch up with richer neighbors.
"It is logical to expect a more conservative approach from poorer countries. Our economies are more vulnerable," said Ivanka Dilovska of Bulgaria's economy and energy ministry.
Politicians also worry that carbon dioxide auctions would reduce the competitiveness of power-intensive industries, repelling investors.
"In such a case it would be very hard to conduct business in Poland," said Luis Miguel Cantu, head of Polish operations at global cement maker Cemex.
